How_to_Program_Commodore_64_BASIC_for_Beginners.pdf

How to Program Your

COMMODORE 64®

BASIC for Beginners

Carl Shipman

AboutThis Book 2

1 The Keyboard ... Includescolor-selectiontable 3

2 HOW TO Write A Simple Program ... Simplifieddisk-driveandcassette-operatinginstructions 12

3 HOW A Program Makes A Decision ... Usingrelationaloperatorsandlogicaloperators 26

4 LOOPS ... Howtosetupandcontrolloopstodonearlyanything 41

5 Entering And Editing Program LJneS ... Includescontrol-symboltablesforreference 56

6 ASCII Codes ... WithCommodoreASCIIcodetables 69

7 Screen-Display Codes ... Withscreen-displaycodetables 84

8 HOW TO Input Data From The Keyboard ...Howtheusercontrolsprogramoperation 104

9 Arrays ... Howtostoreandretrievelargeamountsofdatainanorderlyway 115

10 Strings And Things ... Powerfulstring-manipulationmethods 127

11 Mathematical Operations ... Includesusefulroundoffroutines 147

12 Screen Displays And MenUS ... Fourwaystodisplayamenuandmakechoices 161

13 Sorting Routines ... Howtosortdataitemsandkeeptheminorder 173

14 Disk And Cassette Files ... Usedtomakeapermanentrecordofprogramsanddata 188

15 Using A Disk Drive ... Sequentialandrelativedatafiles.Automaticdisk-formattingprogram 190

16 Using A Cassette Recorder ... Storeprogramsanddataontape.Indexprogramfortapefiles 221

17 Using A Printer ... Listprograms,printunderprogramcontrolandasatypewriter 238

18 BinaryAnd Logical Operations ... Advancedcomputer-controlmethods 250

19 Sprites And BitGraphiCS ... DesignanddisplaycolorgraphicsusingaSprite-maker"program 266

20 SOUndAnd MusiC ... Makebeeps,soundeffectsandmusic.Includesa"music-maker"program 282

21 Programming And Debugging Techniques ... Essentialinformationtohelpyoufindbugs.. 305

Appendixes ... Indispensabletables,chartsanddiagramsforbetterprogramming

309

Index

332

NOTICE:Theinformationcontained inthisbookistrueandcompletetothebestofourknowledge.Allrecommendationsaremadewithout

anyguaranteesonthepartoftheauthororHPBooks.TheauthorandHPBooksdisclaimallliabilityincurredinconnectionwiththeuseofthis

information. Commodore 64 is a registered trademark of Commodore Electronics Ltd.

All rightsreserved. Nopartofthisworkmaybe reproducedortransmitted in anyform byanymeans, electronicormechanical, including

photocopyingandrecording,orbyanyinformation-storageorretrievalsystem,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthePublisher,exceptinthe

case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews.

Published by Knight-Ridder Press, a division of HPBooks, Inc.

P.O. Box 5367, Tucson, Arizona 85703 602/888-2150

ISBN: 0-89586-310-3 Library of Congress Catalog No. 83-82483

Book Design: Paul Fitzgerald

7 8 9 10 11 12 13

AboutThisBook

Thisbookisforbeginners.Noprogrammingorcomputerknowledgeisnecessarybecauseit

startsatthebeginning. Youlearnwhatyouneedtoknowinasimpleandinterestingway. Bythe

end, youcanbewritingyourownprogramsusingcolor, graphics, soundandmusic.

LearnhowtoprogramyourcomputerinBASIC, thestandardprogramminglanguageforthe

Commodore 64. Becomefamiliarwithyourcomputersoyoucanusepurchasedprogramsinplug-in

cartridges, oncassetteorondisk.

SeeandlearnhowtouseaCommodorediskdrive,acassetterecorderandtheCommodore

graphicsprinterwithyourcomputer.Buttheseaccessoriesarenotrequiredtostartusingand

enjoyingyourcomputer.

Youwillenjoythesimpleprogrammingexamplesthatyoutypeandthenrunonyourcomputer.

Yourunderstandingisreinforcedbydoing.Placethisbookbesideyourcomputerwhiletypingand

runningtheexamples.

Whenyoufinish,youwillknowalotaboutcomputersandhowtousethem.You'llbeableto

getmaximumenjoymentandbenefitfromyourCommodore64.

WHATDOESBASICMEAN?

ThewordBASICisformedfromtheinitialsofitsfullname, Beginner'sAil-purposeSymbolic

Instruction Code. ThatiswhyBASICiswrittenincapitalletters.

TheBASICprogramminglanguagewasdevelopedatDartmouthCollegeinthe 1960sbyJohn

G. KemenyandThomasE. Kurtz. Itsoriginalpurposewastoteachtheideasofprogrammingby

usingaprogramminglanguagethatwassimpleandeasytounderstand.

Itprovedsousefulthatitwasadoptedbycomputermakersandgraduallybecameapractical

programminglanguageratherthanjustateachingmethod.Today, BASIChasmaturedandbecome

oneofseveralstandardprogramminglanguages.Itisthestandardlanguageforpersonalcomputers.

MorecomputersandcomputerprogrammersuseBASICthananyotherprogramminglanguage.

VERSIONSOFBASIC

ThereareseveralversionsofBASIC,sometimescalleddialects. Theyaresimilar.And,ifyou

understandone,youcanquicklylearntouseanother.

Usually,allcomputermodelsmadebyonemanufacturerusethesameorsimilarversions.But

theBASICusedbyonebrandmaydifferfromthatusedbyotherbrands.Thisbookuses

CommodoreBASIC,sometimescalledCBMBASIC, meaningCommodoreBusinessMachines

BASIC.

TheKeyboard

I'llbeginbyexplainingthekeyboardandhowitisused.Youcontrolandcommunicatewith

yourcomputerthroughthekeyboardbytypingBASICwords.

ThenIdiscussanddemonstrateBASICwordsintheorderyoushouldlearnthem.BASICisa

languagethatmustbelearnedlikeanyotherlanguage.Firstyoulearnthemeaningsofafewwords.

Thenyoulearntousethewordsingroups, likesentences.

AsyoubuildyourvocabularyofBASICwords,youwillgraduallyincreaseyourunderstanding

ofcomputers—howtheyworkandhowtoprogramthem.Whenyoudoitstep-by-step,it'seasy.

GETTINGREADY

Ifyourcomputerisnew,unpackitandconnectthekeyboardtoaTVsetorvideomonitor,

followingtheinstructionsinthe User'sGuide packagedwiththekeyboard.Iwillusetheword

display tomeantheTVsetorvideomonitor,whicheveryouareusing.

Turnonthedisplayandthenthecomputer.Thecomputeron-offswitchisontherightsideof

thekeyboard.Alwaysturnonthedisplayandotheraccessoriesfirst.Thenturnonthecomputer.

Thedisplayshouldshowadark-bluerectanglewithalight-blueborder.Thedark-bluerectangle

istheactiveareaofthescreenwherelettersandothercharactersaredisplayed.Atthetopofthe

screen,youshouldsee

**** COMMODORE 64BASICV2 ****

64K RAM SYSTEM 38911 BASIC BYTES FREE

READY.

Lettersandnumbersarethesamecolorasthelight-blueborder.Youmayadjustcontrolsonthe

displaysocolorsareaccurateandcharactersonthescreenareclearandeasytoread.

WHATDOESTHESCREEN DISPLAY MEAN?

ThemessageonthescreentellsyouthatyouareusingaCommodore64—whichisprobablynot

asurprise. BASICV2meansthatthe BASICprogramminglanguageisreadytouseandthatitis

Version2.IfCommodoreintroducesadifferentversionofBASIC, sometimeinthefuture,itwill

becalledV2.1 orV3 orsomethingsimilartodistinguishitfromthepresentversion.

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