Crowood - British Experimental Turbojet Aircraft.pdf - Crowood Aviation series(Ang) - jaciom2

ISH

TAL

BRITISH

EXPERIMENTAL

TURBOJET AIRCRAFT

CROWOOD AVIATION SERIES

Other titles in the Crowood Aviation Series

BRITISH

EXPERIMENTAL

TURBOJET AIRCRAFT

Aichi DJA 1/2 Val

Avro Lanca ter

Avro Vulcan

BAC One-Eleven

Boeing 747

Boeing B-29 SLiperfortress

Bristol Beaufighter

Concorde

Consolidated B-24 Liberator

Curtiss SB2C Helldiver

De Havilland omet

De Havilland Mosquito

De Havilland Twin-Boom Fighters

Douglas Havoc and Boston

English Electric Lightning

Hawker Typhoon, Tempest and Sea Fury

Heinkel He 1 11

Lockheed F-l 04 Starfighter

Lockheed P-38 Lightning

Lockheed R-71 Blackbird

McDonnell Douglas A-4

Peter C. mith

Ken Delve

Kev Darling

Malcolm L. Hill

Martin W. Bowman

Steve Pace

Jerry SCLI tts

Kev Darling

Martin \'(/ Bowman

Peter . mith

Kev Darling

Martin Bowman

Barry Jones

Scott Thompson

Martin W. Bowman

Kev Darling

Ron Mackay

Martin W. Bowman

Jerry cutts

Steve Pace

Brad Elward

David Baker

Ray anger

Jerry Scutts

Duncan Curtis

Peter E. Davies

Peter C. Smith

Barry Jone

Lance Cole

lalcolm Hill

Barry Jones

kyhawk

Messerschmitt Me 262

ieuport Aircraft of World War One

orth American B-25 Mitchell

North American F-86 Sabre

North American F-lOO

L1per Sabre

North American T-6

Petlyakov Pe-2 Peshlw

V-Bombers

Vicker VCIO

Vickers Viscount and Vanguard

1)~CI

rowood Press

Contents

First published in 2003 by

The Crowood Press Ltd

Ramsbury, Marlborough

Wiltshire S

Acknowledgements

82HR

introduction

Trawling through the 23-year span covered

by this book has been exciting, but I readi-

ly admit that it might not have been so but

for the assistance freely given by many peo-

ple, two of whom sadly left us before its

completion. In particular 1give my grateful

thanks to Aero/)/ane's staff, Adrian Balch,

the late R. B. 'Bee' Beamonr, Cranfield

University Press, eville Duke, Ian Frimi-

ton, the late A. E. 'Ben' Cunn, the Hand-

ley Page Association, Harry Holmes, Derek

James, Philip Jarrett, Tricia Jones, Ben

May, Michael Oakey, Stanley 'Olly' Oliver,

Dennis Robinson and Michael Stroud.

www.crowood.colll

PART ONE

1941 TO 1950

Paperback edition 2006

GLOSTER E.28/39

DE HAVillAND DH.108

SAUNDERS-ROE SR.A/1

HAWKER P1040, P1052, P10n AND P1081

ARMSTRONG WHITWORTH AW.52G AND AW.52

GLOSTER E.1/44

SUPERMARINE E.41/46

AVRO 707 SERIES

AVRO TYPE 706 ASHTON

Woodford's Flying laboratory

BOULTON PAUL P1ll, Pll1a AND P120

be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any

means, electronic or mechanical, including photo-

copy, recording, or any information storage and

retrieval system, without permission in writing

from the publ ishers.

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from

the British Library.

ISBN I 861268602

EAN 9781861268600

PART TWO

1951 TO 1960

102

107

115

122

129

139

149

157

FAIREY FD.1

HANDLEY PAGE H.P88

SUPERMARiNE N.9/47

SHORT S.B.5

SHORT S.B.1 AND S.B.4 SHERPA

FAIREY FD.2 AND BAC TYPE 221

SHORT S.C.1

SAUNDERS-ROE SR.53

HAWKER Plln

169

PART THREE

1961 TO 1964

169

176

183

HANDLEY PAGE H.P1l5

BRiSTOL TYPE 188

HUNTING H.126

Typefaces used: Goudy (text), Cheltenham (head-

ings), Univers Condensed (captions and boxes).

189

PART FOUR

CANCEllED PR J ECTS

Mile

Typeset and designed by

D & N Publishing

Lowesden Business Park, Hungerford, Berkshire.

189

rmarine 545, Avro no, Hawker Pll2l,

M.52,

Saunder -R

R.l77, BAC TSR.2

Printed and bound in Malaysia by Times Offset (M)

Sdn. Bhd.

205

206

ir r ft

onservation

Appendix

Index

Experim nt

PART ONE

1941 to 1950

Introduction

CHAPTER ONE

The adaptation of the gas turbine into a

practical means of powering an aeroplane

presented the designer with entirely new

vistas into which to channel his ambitions

and theories. He is by his very nature an

enterprising breed, so that, with the con-

stra in ts of the propeller eli m inated, there

appeared virtually limitless boundaries of

speed, range and operating altitudes to be

explored.

It was the innovative approaches to

these factors that made the era covered by

thisbook-1941 to 1964-sospecial.ltwas

one in which the numerous companies'

engineers, aerodynam icists, metallurgists

and sy tems designers had to run in order to

keep up with one another, as never before.

Th Society of British ircraft on-

structors ( BAC) staged its first display in

June 1932. As the industry's 'shop win-

dow', it became an annual event until

1937, after which the international polit-

ical climate worsened and the Society's

members had their true abilities put to the

test in no uncertain way by \V'orld War

Two. Resumed in September 1946, the

Shows annually featured new types on a

scale never to be repeated, until 1962,

when the financially ruinous impractical-

ity of competition between so many

British manufacturers generated a con-

traction, and the resultant company

mergers only justified a biennial di play.

The first of these, from 7 to 13 September

1964, ended a fortnight before the final

aircraft described in this volume first flew.

A multitude of weird, imlxactical and

over-ambitious projects poured off the

drawing boards, but the realities of walking

before running prevailed and the subject

of thi book are the experimental aircraft

that either flew or were in an advanced

state of construction before the industry's

bete noire, the politician, intervened. The

order of appearance in the book has been

determined by the date of the maiden flight

made by the first prototype or, in the case

of the cancelled projects, the dates sched-

uled for the first flight. Each aircraft was

produced as an experimental type, which

Gloster E.28/39

By 1939, Wg Cdr Reynolds was the Air

Ministry's overseer at the Gloster Aircraft

Company, ituated at Hucclecote in

Gloucester h ire. (When it wa fir t found-

ed, on 5 June 1917, it wa registered as the

Gloucestershire Aircraft Company Limit-

ed, but the long and virtually unpro-

nounceable county name became a prob-

lem when export orders started to be

received, 0 the company wa officially

renamed the Gloster Aircraft Company

Limited on 11 November 1926.) He had

been following Whittle's researches with

the WU engine over the years and realized

that eventually an aeroplane

overseas customers and the production of

200 Henley aircraft for Hawker Aircraft.

The company wa a co-member, with

Hawker and Arm trong Whitworth, of the

Hawker iddeley Group, and in August

1938 the foundation for a vast new 'shad-

ow' factory had been laid down on the

other side of the ai rfield si te, to hand Ie the

mass production of the Hawker Hurricane.

(By March 1942, 2,750 Hurricanes had

been handed over to the RAF and the pro-

duction of 3,330 Hawker Typhoon

The British Pioneer

The circumstances whereby the Gloster

Aircraft Company was projected into the

vanguard of British turbojet aviation are

quite complicated.

While Frank (later Air Cdre Sir Frank)

Whittle was at the RAF ollege, ranwell,

he collaborated with J. H. leC. Reynolds

in researching piston-engine supercharg-

ing, and on 23 July 1931 they filed a joint

patent to cover their findings. The two offi-

cers went their individual ways after leav-

ing Cranwell, but maintained contact

through correspondence. Alongside his fly-

ing car er in the RAF, Whittle worked in

his spare time on gas-turbine aeroplane

propulsion and, despite a fru trating lack of

official intere t, et up the Power Jets com-

pany in 1936 to develop the W

ompleted by ovember 1945.)

However, activity on the shop floor was

not mirrored in the Design Office. This

was engaged with designing single- and

twin-engined fighter to meet Specifica-

tion F5/34 and F9/37, respectively, nei-

ther of which progressed beyond the pro-

totype stage. Gloster' Ch ief Designer,

Harry P. Folland, had left the company in

1937, to form his own Folland Aircraft lim-

ited and hi succe or was Wilfred George

Carter, who had been Chief Designer at

Hawker Aircraft for two year before trans-

fetTing to Hucclecote to join Folland's team

in 1925.

With the capacity available within

Carter' team in mind, Reynolds set up a

meeting between the design I' and Whit-

tle, which was held at Hucclecote on 28

April 1939. The company's Chief Test

Pilot ( TP), Fit Lt P. E. G. 'Gerry' ayer,

together with his deputy, Michael Daunt,

were also introduced to Whittle. George

Carter and Frank Whittle quickly formed

a good relationsh ip, such that the compa-

ny's latest design, to meet pecification

FI8/37, was presented at the meeting.

This was a twin-boom fighter powered by

a apier abre engine and Whittle con-

sidered the configuration to be ideal for

the WU turbojet in

would

required

to prove

Whittle's

theories

practice.

With his position at Hucclecote,

Reynolds was aware of the whole compa-

ny's activities. The shop floor was occupied

with the tail-end of Gladiator orders from

(Whittle

Unit) turbojet engine.

Fairey's first delta design, the FO.l. banks hard to port to display the defunct rocket

motor housing under the rear fuselage. which was used as a braking parachute

housing. Author's collection

was not intended for production in it

original guise. Inevitably there are border-

line cases, such as Hawker's various explo-

rations that led to the ea Hawk,

Hunter and Harrier, and upermarine's

single-engined experimental programmes

that culminated in the Swift and twin-

engined trials that produced the Scimitar.

However,

the result that the programmes were quiet-

ly abandoned and donated to aeronautical

history. othing is gained by questioning

these ambitious programmes in retrospect.

It is the fact that today's aircraft designs are

computer-generated, making them so visu-

ally comparatively similar, that makes the

23-year period covered here such an excit-

ing era. I hope the reader will consider this

volume confirms such an assertion.

these

early

first

steps

justify

inclusion.

Many of the avenues that were initially

explored and for which type were pro-

duced, were found to be cul-de-sacs, with

Barry Jones

May 2003

The start of it all. Whittle's original WU (Whittle Unitl. that wa fir t run on12 April

1937. at the Rugby works of British Thomson-Houston. Author's collection

place of the Sabre.

Crowood - British Experimental Turbojet Aircraft.pdf

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