Lightning - Principles Instruments and Applications - Review of Modern Lightning Research by Hans Dieter Betz & Ulrich Schumann & Pierre Laroche (2008).pdf

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Lightning: Principles, Instruments and Applications
Hans Dieter Betz · Ulrich Schumann ·
Pierre Laroche
Editors
Lightning: Principles,
Instruments and Applications
Review of Modern Lightning Research
123
Editors
Prof. Dr. Hans Dieter Betz
Physics Department
University of Munich
Am Coulombwall 1
85748 Garching
Germany
hans-dieter.betz@abs.de
Prof. Dr. Pierre Laroche
Physics, Instrumentation and Sensing
Department ONERA
29 avenue de la Division
Leclerc, BP 72
92322 Chatillon
France
pierre.laroche@onera.fr
Prof. Dr. Ulrich Schumann
Deutsches Zentrum f ur
Luft- und Raumfahrt
Institut fur Physik der Atmosphare
82230 Oberpfaffenhofen
Germany
ulrich.schumann@dlr.de
ISBN: 978-1-4020-9078-3
e-ISBN: 978-1-4020-9079-0
Library of Congress Control Number: 2008937155
Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2009
No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording
or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception
of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered
and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
c
Cover images (from left to right): Photograph of lightning flash triggered at camp Blanding, Florida
(courtesy of University of Florida Lightning Research Group). Radar (second left) and Antenna (back-
ground) - courtesy of nowcast GmbH, Munich. Lightning @ 2008 JupiterImages Corporation. Three-
dimensional view of a thunderstorm, enabled by the total-lightning capability of LINET (courtesy of
nowcast GmbH, Munich).
Printed on acid-free paper
987654321
springer.com
Preface
Lightning is a natural phenomenon that has always produced much impact on
humans and their societies, mainly because of its impressive appearance and the
threats imposed on life and structures. As one consequence, modern lightning re-
search continues to develop effective tools and procedures suited to recognize severe
thunderstorms and to generate reliable alert. During the long time of past light-
ning investigation, much understanding of the discharge processes has been gath-
ered and efficient detection techniques have been implemented. Today, numerous
institutions all over the world deal with unraveling the numerous questions about
lightning that have remained open, with much success, but as is typical for research
in subjects of natural science, the complexity of the phenomena defies fast and
comprehensive clarification. Meanwhile, the many competent research efforts and
their impressive results render it impossible to present the gathered knowledge in
a single book. Thus, the present monograph is designed to describe in 27 chapters
merely some of the highlights of current research. Moreover, the topics have been
selected to elucidate the lightning phenomena that are readily understandable by
a general, educated readership, rather than addressing only specialists in the field.
Accordingly, a more deeply interested reader is referred to the ample reports in
literature.
At first, the basic phenomenon – the lightning return stroke – is introduced and
in the first four chapters, some fundamental charging and discharge mechanisms are
illustrated by Baba and Rakov, Rakov, Stolzenburg and Marshall, and Tessendorf.
The following five chapters describe lightning detection networks in Europe (Betz
et al.), Italy (Biron), Spain (Pineda and Montanya), Australia (Kuleshov et al.), and
Brazil (Pinto et al.). Systems that allow mapping of lightning channels are described
in two chapters (Defer and Laroche, and Lojou et al.), followed by three chapters
that deal with lightning observations from space (Finke, Adamo et al., and Hamlin
et al.). Dwyer explains the close coincidence between lightning and high-energy
radiation. In the next three chapters the connection between lightning and higher
atmosphere effects is depicted, including Schumann resonances that travel around
the globe (Satori et al.), and sprites that show up high above thunderclouds (Lyons
et al., Farges). The subsequent five chapters describe the relation between lightning
and micro-physical parameters (Katsanos et al.), precipitation (Soula), and strong
storms (Dombai, Dotzek and Price, Tuomi and Makela). Three chapters are devoted
v

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