OReilly - Linux Cookbook (2004).pdf

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The Linux Cookbook: Tips and Techniques for Everyday Use:
The Linux Cookbook: Tips and Techniques for Everyday Use:
Table of Contents
The Linux Cookbook: Tips and Techniques for Everyday Use .....................................................................1
Preface. ...............................................................................................................................................................3
1.0 Format of Recipes . ...........................................................................................................................4
1.1 Assumptions, Scope, and Exclusions ..............................................................................................5
1.2 Typographical Conventions . ............................................................................................................6
1.3 Versions, Latest Edition, and Errata . ...............................................................................................7
1.4 Acknowledgments. ...........................................................................................................................8
PART ONE: Working with Linux. ................................................................................................................10
2. Introduction. ................................................................................................................................................11
2.1 Background and History . ...............................................................................................................11
2.1.1 What's Unix?. .................................................................................................................11
2.1.2 What's Free Software? . ..................................................................................................12
2.1.3 What's Open Source? . ....................................................................................................13
2.1.4 What's Linux? . ...............................................................................................................14
2.1.5 What's Debian? . .............................................................................................................14
2.1.6 Unix and the Tools Philosophy. .....................................................................................15
2.2 What to Try First. ...........................................................................................................................17
2.3 If You Need More Help . ................................................................................................................18
3. What Every Linux User Knows. ................................................................................................................20
3.1 Controlling Power to the System . ..................................................................................................20
3.1.1 Powering Up the System. ...............................................................................................21
3.1.2 Turning Off the System . ................................................................................................21
3.2 Accounts and Privileges. ................................................................................................................21
3.2.1 Logging In to the System. ..............................................................................................22
3.2.2 Logging Out of the System . ...........................................................................................24
3.3 Console Basics . ..............................................................................................................................24
3.3.1 Switching between Consoles . ........................................................................................25
3.3.2 Scrolling the Console Text . ...........................................................................................26
3.3.3 Keys for Console Manipulation . ....................................................................................26
3.4 Running a Command . ....................................................................................................................27
3.5 Changing Your Password . .............................................................................................................28
3.6 Listing User Activity . ....................................................................................................................29
3.6.1 Listing Your Username. .................................................................................................29
3.6.2 Listing Who Is on the System. .......................................................................................30
3.6.3 Listing Who Is on and What They're Doing . .................................................................30
3.6.4 Listing the Last Times a User Logged In . .....................................................................31
3.7 Listing System Activity . ................................................................................................................32
3.7.1 Listing Your Current Processes . ....................................................................................32
3.7.2 Listing All of a User's Processes . ..................................................................................33
3.7.3 Listing All Processes on the System. .............................................................................33
3.7.4 Listing Processes by Name or Number.. ........................................................................34
3.8 Help Facilities . ...............................................................................................................................34
3.8.1 Finding the Right Tool for the Job. ................................................................................35
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The Linux Cookbook: Tips and Techniques for Everyday Use:
Table of Contents
3.8.2 Listing a Description of a Program. ...............................................................................36
3.8.3 Listing the Usage of a Tool.. ..........................................................................................36
3.8.4 Reading a Page from the System Manual . .....................................................................37
3.8.5 Using the GNU Info System . .........................................................................................38
3.8.6 Reading System Documentation and Help Files ...........................................................40
4. The Shell . .....................................................................................................................................................42
4.1 Keys for Command Line Editing. ..................................................................................................42
4.1.1 Passing Special Characters to Commands . ....................................................................44
4.1.2 Letting the Shell Complete What You Type .................................................................45
4.1.3 Repeating the Last Command You Typed. ....................................................................46
4.1.4 Running a List of Commands . .......................................................................................47
4.2 Redirecting Input and Output. ........................................................................................................47
4.2.1 Redirecting Input to a File . ............................................................................................48
4.2.2 Redirecting Output to a File.. .........................................................................................48
4.2.3 Redirecting Error Messages to a File. ............................................................................49
4.2.4 Redirecting Output to Another Command's Input . ........................................................49
4.3 Managing Jobs . ..............................................................................................................................50
4.3.1 Suspending a Job ...........................................................................................................50
4.3.2 Putting a Job in the Background . ...................................................................................51
4.3.3 Putting a Job in the Foreground . ....................................................................................52
4.3.4 Listing Your Jobs. ..........................................................................................................52
4.3.5 Stopping a Job.. ..............................................................................................................53
4.4 Command History. .........................................................................................................................53
4.4.1 Viewing Your Command History. .................................................................................54
4.4.2 Specifying a Command from Your History.. .................................................................55
4.5 Recording a Shell Session. .............................................................................................................55
4.6 Customizing Your Shell. ................................................................................................................56
4.6.1 Changing the Shell Prompt . ...........................................................................................57
4.6.2 Making a Command Alias . ............................................................................................58
4.6.3 Adding to Your Path . .....................................................................................................59
4.6.4 Customizing Future Shells. ............................................................................................59
5. The X Window System ...............................................................................................................................62
5.1 Running X . .....................................................................................................................................62
5.1.1 Starting X . ......................................................................................................................65
5.1.2 Stopping X . ....................................................................................................................65
5.2 Running a Program in X . ...............................................................................................................66
5.2.1 Specifying Window Size and Location . ........................................................................67
5.2.2 Specifying Window Colors.. ..........................................................................................69
5.2.3 Specifying Window Font . ..............................................................................................69
5.2.4 Specifying Additional Window Attributes . ...................................................................70
5.3 Manipulating X Client Windows . ..................................................................................................70
5.3.1 Moving a Window . ........................................................................................................71
5.3.2 Resizing a Window . .......................................................................................................71
5.3.3 Destroying a Window . ...................................................................................................71
5.3.4 Minimizing a Window . ..................................................................................................72
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The Linux Cookbook: Tips and Techniques for Everyday Use:
Table of Contents
5.3.5 Maximizing a Window . .................................................................................................72
5.4 Moving around the Desktop. ..........................................................................................................72
5.5 Running a Shell in X. .....................................................................................................................73
5.6 Configuring X . ...............................................................................................................................74
5.6.1 Switching between Video Modes . .................................................................................74
5.6.2 Running X Clients Automatically.. ................................................................................75
5.6.3 Changing the Root Window Parameters.. ......................................................................75
5.6.4 Choosing a Window Manager . ......................................................................................76
PART TWO: Files.. .........................................................................................................................................78
6. Files and Directories . ..................................................................................................................................79
6.1 Naming Files and Directories . .......................................................................................................83
6.1.1 Making an Empty File . ..................................................................................................84
6.1.2 Making a Directory . .......................................................................................................84
6.1.3 Making a Directory Tree.. ..............................................................................................85
6.2 Changing Directories . ....................................................................................................................85
6.2.1 Changing to Your Home Directory ...............................................................................86
6.2.2 Changing to the Last Directory You Visited . ................................................................86
6.2.3 Getting the Name of the Current Directory . ..................................................................86
6.3 Listing Directories . ........................................................................................................................87
6.3.1 Listing File Attributes . ...................................................................................................88
6.3.2 Listing Directories Recursively . ....................................................................................89
6.3.3 Listing Newest Files First . .............................................................................................90
6.3.4 Listing Hidden Files.. .....................................................................................................90
6.3.5 Listing Directories in Color . ..........................................................................................91
6.3.6 Listing Directory Tree Graphs . ......................................................................................91
6.3.7 Additional Directory Listing Options . ...........................................................................92
6.4 Copying Files and Directories . ......................................................................................................93
6.5 Moving Files and Directories.. .......................................................................................................94
6.5.1 Changing File Names to Lowercase . .............................................................................95
6.5.2 Renaming Multiple Files with the Same Extension.. .....................................................96
6.6 Removing Files and Directories.. ...................................................................................................97
6.6.1 Removing a File with a Strange Name . .........................................................................98
6.6.2 A Safe Way to Remove a File .......................................................................................99
6.7 Giving a File More than One Name. ..............................................................................................99
6.8 Specifying File Names with Patterns . ..........................................................................................100
6.9 Browsing Files . ............................................................................................................................102
7. Sharing Files . .............................................................................................................................................103
7.1 Groups and How to Work in Them. .............................................................................................103
7.1.1 Listing the Groups a User Belongs To.. .......................................................................103
7.1.2 Listing the Members of a Group. .................................................................................104
7.2 File Ownership. ............................................................................................................................105
7.2.1 Determining the Ownership of a File . .........................................................................105
7.2.2 Changing the Ownership of a File . ..............................................................................105
7.3 Controlling Access to Files. .........................................................................................................106
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The Linux Cookbook: Tips and Techniques for Everyday Use:
Table of Contents
7.3.1 Listing the Permissions of a File. .................................................................................107
7.3.2 Changing the Permissions of a File . ............................................................................108
7.3.3 Write−Protecting a File. ...............................................................................................108
7.3.4 Making a File Private. ..................................................................................................109
7.3.5 Making a File Public. ...................................................................................................109
7.3.6 Making a File Executable . ...........................................................................................110
8. Finding Files . .............................................................................................................................................111
8.1 Finding All Files That Match a Pattern . ......................................................................................111
8.2 Finding Files in a Directory Tree. ................................................................................................112
8.2.1 Finding Files in a Directory Tree by Name . ................................................................112
8.2.2 Finding Files in a Directory Tree by Size. ...................................................................114
8.2.3 Finding Files in a Directory Tree by Modification Time . ...........................................115
8.2.4 Finding Files in a Directory Tree by Owner. ...............................................................116
8.2.5 Running Commands on the Files You Find.. ...............................................................117
8.2.6 Finding Files by Multiple Criteria . ..............................................................................117
8.3 Finding Files in Directory Listings . .............................................................................................120
8.3.1 Finding the Largest Files in a Directory . .....................................................................120
8.3.2 Finding the Smallest Files in a Directory . ...................................................................121
8.3.3 Finding the Smallest Directories.. ................................................................................121
8.3.4 Finding the Largest Directories . ..................................................................................121
8.3.5 Finding the Number of Files in a Listing.. ...................................................................122
8.4 Finding Where a Command Is Located . ......................................................................................123
9. Managing Files . .........................................................................................................................................124
9.1 Determining File Type and Format.. ............................................................................................124
9.2 Changing File Modification Time . ..............................................................................................125
9.3 Splitting a File into Smaller Ones. ...............................................................................................126
9.4 Comparing Files. ..........................................................................................................................127
9.4.1 Determining Whether Two Files Differ.. .....................................................................127
9.4.2 Finding the Differences between Files . .......................................................................127
9.4.3 Patching a File with a Difference Report.. ...................................................................128
9.5 Compressed Files . ........................................................................................................................129
9.5.1 Compressing a File . .....................................................................................................129
9.5.2 Decompressing a File. ..................................................................................................129
9.6 File Archives. ...............................................................................................................................130
9.6.1 Creating a File Archive. ...............................................................................................131
9.6.2 Listing the Contents of an Archive . .............................................................................131
9.6.3 Extracting Files from an Archive.. ...............................................................................132
9.7 Tracking Revisions to a File . .......................................................................................................133
9.7.1 Checking In a File Revision.. .......................................................................................133
9.7.2 Checking Out a File Revision . .....................................................................................135
9.7.3 Viewing a File's Revision Log. ....................................................................................136
PART THREE: Text. ....................................................................................................................................137
10. Viewing Text. ...........................................................................................................................................138
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