Application Guide 2007.pdf

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Applications of PSCAD/EMTDC
Applications of
PSCAD ® / EMTDC ™
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre Inc.
244 Cree Crescent, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3J 3W1 Canada
Applications of PSCAD/EMTDC
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................1
Where PSCAD Can be Used............................................................1
Chapter 2: Traditional Transient Studies .....................................5
Sources...........................................................................................5
Thevenin Voltage Sources ...........................................................5
Load Flow Set-up with a Source ..................................................5
Setting the Load Flow with a Generator ......................................6
Multiple Run...................................................................................7
Energizing Transients ......................................................................8
Breaker Pre-Strike .......................................................................8
Switching Surge Data Requirements ..............................................9
System Equivalents for Switching Surge TOV Studies...................9
Power Flow Conditions .............................................................10
Transmission Line Data..............................................................10
Transformer Data ......................................................................11
Circuit Breakers.........................................................................11
Surge Arresters .........................................................................11
Shunt Reactors .........................................................................11
Shunt and Series Capacitors......................................................12
Fast Front Study Data....................................................................12
Station Layout ..........................................................................12
Busbar Dimensions ...................................................................13
Transformer Data ......................................................................13
Transformer Winding Capacitances ...........................................13
Switching Surge TOV Studies ........................................................14
Limiting Fundamental Frequency Load Rejection Overvoltags ....14
Line Energizing .........................................................................14
Shunt Capacitor Switching........................................................14
Transient Recovery Voltage (TRV) ..................................................15
References ....................................................................................17
Exercise ........................................................................................17
Chapter 3: Controls.....................................................................19
CSMF Components.......................................................................19
Use of Slider, Switch, Button and Dial ...........................................20
Applications for CSMF Components .............................................22
Filtering with a Second Order Function......................................22
Timer to Change a Parameter ...................................................22
Controlling an AC Source .........................................................23
Measuring Relative Phase Angle................................................24
Building an Inverse Time Function .............................................24
Exercises .......................................................................................25
Chapter 4: Surge Arresters.........................................................27
Arrester Model .............................................................................28
Switching Surge TOV ................................................................28
Fast Front Transients .................................................................29
Determining Fast Front Model Parameters.................................30
Applications of PSCAD/EMTDC
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Table of Contents
Fast Front Studies .........................................................................33
Modeling Transmission Lines and Buswork ................................33
Lightning ..................................................................................34
Transmission Towers..................................................................35
Tower Footing Resistance ..........................................................35
Capacitances of Equipment ......................................................36
Back Flashover ..........................................................................36
Summary of Arrester Selection......................................................37
References ....................................................................................38
Exercises .......................................................................................39
Chapter 5: Transformers.............................................................41
Transformer Models ......................................................................41
Core Confi guration...................................................................42
Ungrounded Windings..............................................................43
Saturation ....................................................................................43
Geomagnetically Induced Currents ...............................................44
Remanence...................................................................................45
Harmonic Measurements ..............................................................47
Load Tap Changer.........................................................................47
Phase Shifting Transformers ..........................................................48
References ....................................................................................49
Exercises .......................................................................................49
Chapter 6: DC Transmission .......................................................51
Why Use DC Transmission? ...........................................................51
DC Converter Confi gurations........................................................52
Twelve Pulse Converters................................................................52
Thyristor Modules .........................................................................53
Substation equipment...................................................................53
Commutation ...............................................................................54
Converter Bridge Angles ...............................................................55
Steady State DC Converter Equations ...........................................56
Short Circuit Ratio ........................................................................57
Commutation Failure ....................................................................58
Control and Protection .................................................................59
Current Margin.............................................................................61
Voltage Dependent Current Order Limit (VDCOL)..........................62
AC Voltage Control ......................................................................63
Special Purpose Controls...............................................................64
Series Compensation of DC Converter ..........................................65
References ....................................................................................67
Exercises .......................................................................................68
Chapter 7: STATCOM Controls ...................................................69
Interpolated Switching..................................................................69
Use of Pages.................................................................................70
STATCOM Control Strategy...........................................................70
Components of Controls ..............................................................71
Phase Locked Oscillator.............................................................71
Generating the Firing Pulses......................................................72
Control of AC Voltage or Reactive Power ..................................72
Control of DC Side Volts ...........................................................73
Multipulse STATCOM....................................................................73
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Applications of PSCAD/EMTDC
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Applications of PSCAD/EMTDC
Three Level STATCOM...................................................................74
Improved Harmonic Performance ..............................................76
References ....................................................................................77
Exercises .......................................................................................77
Chapter 8: VSC Transmission......................................................79
VSC Transmission Control Strategy................................................79
Components of the Controls ........................................................80
Phase Locked Oscillator.............................................................80
When Receiving End is a Passive AC System ..............................80
Generating the Firing Pulses......................................................81
Control of AC Voltage or Reactive Power ..................................81
Control of DC Side Volts ...........................................................81
Power Control ..........................................................................82
VSC Transmission with AC Characteristics .....................................82
Phase Angle Measurement........................................................83
Phase Advance of Synthesized Phase Angle ..............................84
Controlling Power from Synthesized Phase Angle......................85
Example Fault Case ...................................................................85
Exercises .......................................................................................86
Chapter 9: Model Verifi cation....................................................87
EMT Model Verifi cation Methods ..................................................87
Network Compilation ...................................................................88
Example ....................................................................................89
Load Flow.....................................................................................92
Source Control..........................................................................92
Short Circuit .................................................................................94
Frequency Analysis .......................................................................96
Summary ......................................................................................97
References ....................................................................................97
Data Listing ..................................................................................98
Chapter 10: Using PSCAD/EMTDC Waveforms for Real Time
Testing (RTP) ...........................................................101
PSCAD RTP Recorder ..................................................................101
Output File Location ...................................................................101
Multiple Run Capability...............................................................101
RTP Playback Program.................................................................102
Exercises .....................................................................................102
Index ..............................................................................................103
Applications of PSCAD/EMTDC
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