Freud - THREE CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE THEORY OF SEX.pdf

(704 KB) Pobierz
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
THREE CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE THEORY OF SEX
SECOND EDITION
SECOND REPRINTING
BY
PROF. SIGMUND FREUD, LL.D.
VIENNA
AUTHORIZED TRANSLATION BY
A.A. BRILL, PH.B., M.D.
CLINICAL ASSISTANT, DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROLOGY, COLUMBIA
UNIVERSITY; ASSISTANT IN MENTAL DISEASES, BELLEVUE HOSPITAL; ASSISTANT
VISITING PHYSICIAN, HOSPITAL FOR NERVOUS DISEASES
WITH INTRODUCTION BY
JAMES J. PUTNAM, M.D.
NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE PUBLISHING CO.
NEW YORK AND WASHINGTON
1920
NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE MONOGRAPH SERIES
Edited by
Drs. SMITH ELY JELLIFFE and WM. A. WHITE
Numbers Issued
1.
Outlines of Psychiatry. (7th Edition.) $3.00. By Dr. William A. White.
2.
Studies in Paranoia. (Out of Print.) By Drs. N. Gierlich and M. Friedman.
3.
The Psychology of Dementia Praecox. (Out of Print.) By Dr. C.G. Jung.
4.
Selected Papers on Hysteria and other Psychoneuroses. (3d Edition.) $3.00. By Prof. Sigmund
Freud.
5.
The Wassermann Serum Diagnosis in Psychiatry. $2.00. By Dr. Felix Plaut.
6.
Epidemic Poliomyelitis. New York, 1907. (Out of Print.)
7.
Three Contributions to Sexual Theory. (3d Edition.) $2.00. By Prof. Sigmund Freud.
8.
Mental Mechanisms. (Out of Print.) $2.00. By Dr. Wm. A. White.
9.
Studies in Psychiatry. $2.00. New York Psychiatrical Society.
THREE CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE THEORY OF SEX
1
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Three Contributions to the Theory of Sex, by Sigmund Freud
10.
Handbook of Mental Examination Methods. $2.00. (Out of Print.) By Shepherd Ivory Franz.
11.
The Theory of Schizophrenic Negativism. $1.00. By Professor E. Bleuler.
12.
Cerebellar Functions. $3.00. By Dr. André-Thomas.
13.
History of Prison Psychoses. $1.25. By Drs. P. Nitsche and K. Wilmanns.
14.
General Paresis. $3.00. By Prof. E. Kraepelin.
15.
Dreams and Myths. $1.00. By Dr. Karl Abraham.
16.
Poliomyelitis. $3.00. By Dr. I. Wickmann.
17.
Freud's Theories of the Neuroses. $2.00. By Dr. E. Hitschmann.
18.
The Myth of the Birth of the Hero. $1.00. By Dr. Otto Rank.
19.
The Theory of Psychoanalysis. $1.50. (Out of Print.) By Dr. C.G. Jung.
20.
Vagotonia. $1.00. (3d Edition.) By Drs. Eppinger and Hess.
21.
Wishfulfillment and Symbolism in Fairy Tales. $1.00. By Dr. Ricklin.
22.
The Dream Problem. $1.00. By Dr. A.E. Maeder.
23.
The Significance of Psychoanalysis for the Mental Sciences. $1.50. By Drs. O. Rank and D.H.
Sachs.
24.
Organ Inferiority and its Psychical Compensation. $1.50. By Dr. Alfred Adler.
25.
The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement. $1.00. By Prof. S. Freud.
26.
Technique of Psychoanalysis. $2.00. By Dr. Smith Ely Jelliffe.
27.
Vegetative Neurology. $2.00. By Dr. H. Higier.
28.
The Autonomic Functions and the Personality. $2.00. By Dr. Edward J. Kemp.
29.
A Study of the Mental Life of the Child, $2.00. By Dr. H. Von Hug-Hellmuth.
30.
Internal Secretions and the Nervous System. $1.00. By Dr. M. Laignel Lavastine.
31.
Sleep Walking and Moon Walking. $2.00. By Dr. J. Sadger.
NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE PUBLISHING COMPANY
3617 10th St. N.W., Washington, D.C.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
v
ix
x
1
36
68
INTRODUCTION TO TRANSLATION
The somewhat famous "Three Essays," which Dr. Brill is here bringing to the attention of an English-reading
public, occupy—brief as they are—an important position among the achievements of their author, a great
investigator and pioneer in an important line. It is not claimed that the facts here gathered are altogether new.
The subject of the sexual instinct and its aberrations has long been before the scientific world and the names
of many effective toilers in this vast field are known to every student. When one passes beyond the strict
Edited byDrs. SMITH ELY JELLIFFE and WM. A. WHITENumbers Issued
2
841957593.012.png 841957593.013.png 841957593.014.png 841957593.015.png 841957593.001.png 841957593.002.png
 
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Three Contributions to the Theory of Sex, by Sigmund Freud
domains of science and considers what is reported of the sexual life in folkways and art-lore and the history of
primitive culture and in romance, the sources of information are immense. Freud has made considerable
additions to this stock of knowledge, but he has done also something of far greater consequence than this. He
has worked out, with incredible penetration, the part which this instinct plays in every phase of human life and
in the development of human character, and has been able to establish on a firm footing the remarkable thesis
that psychoneurotic illnesses never occur with a perfectly normal sexual life. Other sorts of emotions
contribute to the result, but some aberration of the sexual life is always present, as the cause of especially
insistent emotions and repressions.
The instincts with which every child is born furnish desires or cravings which must be dealt with in some
fashion. They may be refined ("sublimated"), so far as is necessary and desirable, into energies of other
sorts—as happens readily with the play-instinct—or they may remain as the source of perversions and
inversions, and of cravings of new sorts substituted for those of the more primitive kinds under the pressure of
a conventional civilization. The symptoms of the functional psychoneuroses represent, after a fashion, some
of these distorted attempts to find a substitute for the imperative cravings born of the sexual instincts, and
their form often depends, in part at least, on the peculiarities of the sexual life in infancy and early childhood.
It is Freud's service to have investigated this inadequately chronicled period of existence with extraordinary
acumen. In so doing he made it plain that the "perversions" and "inversions," which reappear later under such
striking shapes, belong to the normal sexual life of the young child and are seen, in veiled forms, in almost
every case of nervous illness.
It cannot too often be repeated that these discoveries represent no fanciful deductions, but are the outcome of
rigidly careful observations which any one who will sufficiently prepare himself can verify. Critics fret over
the amount of "sexuality" that Freud finds evidence of in the histories of his patients, and assume that he puts
it there. But such criticisms are evidences of misunderstandings and proofs of ignorance.
Freud had learned that the amnesias of hypnosis and of hysteria were not absolute but relative and that in
covering the lost memories, much more, of unexpected sort, was often found. Others, too, had gone as far as
this, and stopped. But this investigator determined that nothing but the absolute impossibility of going further
should make him cease from urging his patients into an inexorable scrutiny of the unconscious regions of their
memories and thoughts, such as never had been made before. Every species of forgetfulness, even the
forgetfulness of childhood's years, was made to yield its hidden stores of knowledge; dreams, even though
apparently absurd, were found to be interpreters of a varied class of thoughts, active, although repressed as out
of harmony with the selected life of consciousness; layer after layer, new sets of motives underlying motives
were laid bare, and each patient's interest was strongly enlisted in the task of learning to know himself in order
more truly and wisely to "sublimate" himself. Gradually other workers joined patiently in this laborious
undertaking, which now stands, for those who have taken pains to comprehend it, as by far the most important
movement in psychopathology.
It must, however, be recognized that these essays, of which Dr. Brill has given a translation that cannot but be
timely, concern a subject which is not only important but unpopular. Few physicians read the works of v.
Krafft-Ebing, Magnus Hirschfeld, Moll, and others of like sort. The remarkable volumes of Havelock Ellis
were refused publication in his native England. The sentiments which inspired this hostile attitude towards the
study of the sexual life are still active, though growing steadily less common. One may easily believe that if
the facts which Freud's truth-seeking researches forced him to recognize and to publish had not been of an
unpopular sort, his rich and abundant contributions to observational psychology, to the significance of dreams,
to the etiology and therapeutics of the psychoneuroses, to the interpretation of mythology, would have won for
him, by universal acclaim, the same recognition among all physicians that he has received from a rapidly
increasing band of followers and colleagues.
May Dr. Brill's translation help toward this end.
INTRODUCTION TO TRANSLATION
3
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Three Contributions to the Theory of Sex, by Sigmund Freud
There are two further points on which some comments should be made. The first is this, that those who
conscientiously desire to learn all that they can from Freud's remarkable contributions should not be content to
read any one of them alone. His various publications, such as "The Selected Papers on Hysteria and Other
Psychoneuroses," [1] "The Interpretation of Dreams," [2] "The Psychopathology of Everyday Life," [3] "Wit
and its Relation to the Unconscious," [4] the analysis of the case of the little boy called Hans, the study of
Leonardo da Vinci, [4a] and the various short essays in the four Sammlungen kleiner Schriften, not only all
hang together, but supplement each other to a remarkable extent. Unless a course of study such as this is
undertaken many critics may think various statements and inferences in this volume to be far fetched or find
them too obscure for comprehension.
The other point is the following: One frequently hears the psychoanalytic method referred to as if it was
customary for those practicing it to exploit the sexual experiences of their patients and nothing more, and the
insistence on the details of the sexual life, presented in this book, is likely to emphasize that notion. But the
fact is, as every thoughtful inquirer is aware, that the whole progress of civilization, whether in the individual
or the race, consists largely in a "sublimation" of infantile instincts, and especially certain portions of the
sexual instinct, to other ends than those which they seemed designed to serve. Art and poetry are fed on this
fuel and the evolution of character and mental force is largely of the same origin. All the forms which this
sublimation, or the abortive attempts at sublimation, may take in any given case, should come out in the
course of a thorough psychoanalysis. It is not the sexual life alone, but every interest and every motive, that
must be inquired into by the physician who is seeking to obtain all the data about the patient, necessary for his
reeducation and his cure. But all the thoughts and emotions and desires and motives which appear in the man
or woman of adult years were once crudely represented in the obscure instincts of the infant, and among these
instincts those which were concerned directly or indirectly with the sexual emotions, in a wide sense, are
certain to be found in every case to have been the most important for the end-result.
JAMES J. PUTNAM.
BOSTON, August 23, 1910.
Note 1 : Translated by A.A. Brill, NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE MONOGRAPH SERIES, NO. 4.
Note 2 : Translated by A.A. Brill, The Macmillan Co., New York, and Allen & Unwin, London.
Note 3 : Translated by A.A. Brill, The Macmillan Co., New York.
Note 4 : Translated by A.A. Brill, Moffatt, Yard & Co., New York.
Note 4a : Translated by A.A. Brill, Moffatt, Yard & Co., New York.
INTRODUCTION TO TRANSLATION
4
841957593.003.png 841957593.004.png 841957593.005.png 841957593.006.png 841957593.007.png 841957593.008.png 841957593.009.png 841957593.010.png 841957593.011.png
 
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Three Contributions to the Theory of Sex, by Sigmund Freud
AUTHOR'S PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
Although the author is fully aware of the gaps and obscurities contained in this small volume, he has,
nevertheless, resisted a temptation to add to it the results obtained from the investigations of the last five
years, fearing that thus its unified and documentary character would be destroyed. He accordingly reproduces
the original text with but slight modifications, contenting himself with the addition of a few footnotes. For the
rest, it is his ardent wish that this book may speedily become antiquated—to the end that the new material
brought forward in it may be universally accepted, while the shortcomings it displays may give place to juster
views.
VIENNA, December, 1909.
AUTHOR'S PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION
After watching for ten years the reception accorded to this book and the effect it has produced, I wish to
provide the third edition of it with some prefatory remarks dealing with the misunderstandings of the book
and the demands, insusceptible of fulfillment, made against it. Let me emphasize in the first place that
whatever is here presented is derived entirely from every-day medical experience which is to be made more
profound and scientifically important through the results of psychoanalytic investigation. The "Three
Contributions to the Theory of Sex" can contain nothing except what psychoanalysis obliges them to accept or
what it succeeds in corroborating. It is therefore excluded that they should ever be developed into a "theory of
sex," and it is also quite intelligible that they will assume no attitude at all towards some important problems
of the sexual life. This should not however give the impression that these omitted chapters of the great theme
were unfamiliar to the author, or that they were neglected by him as something of secondary importance.
The dependence of this work on the psychoanalytic experiences which have determined the writing of it,
shows itself not only in the selection but also in the arrangement of the material. A certain succession of
stages was observed, the occasional factors are rendered prominent, the constitutional ones are left in the
background, and the ontogenetic development receives greater consideration than the phylogenetic. For the
occasional factors play the principal rôle in analysis, and are almost completely worked up in it, while the
constitutional factors only become evident from behind as elements which have been made functional through
experience, and a discussion of these would lead far beyond the working sphere of psychoanalysis.
A similar connection determines the relation between ontogenesis and phylogenesis. Ontogenesis may be
considered as a repetition of phylogenesis insofar as the latter has not been varied by a more recent
experience. The phylogenetic disposition makes itself visible behind the ontogenetic process. But
fundamentally the constitution is really the precipitate of a former experience of the species to which the
newer experience of the individual being is added as the sum of the occasional factors.
Beside its thoroughgoing dependence on psychoanalytic investigation I must emphasize as a character of this
work of mine its intentional independence of biological investigation. I have carefully avoided the inclusion of
the results of scientific investigation in general sex biology or of particular species of animals in this study of
human sexual functions which is made possible by the technique of psychoanalysis. My aim was indeed to
find out how much of the biology of the sexual life of man can be discovered by means of psychological
investigation; I was able to point to additions and agreements which resulted from this examination, but I did
not have to become confused if the psychoanalytic methods led in some points to views and results which
deviated considerably from those merely based on biology.
AUTHOR'S PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
5

Plik z chomika:

Inne pliki z tego folderu:

Inne foldery tego chomika:

Zgłoś jeśli naruszono regulamin