Present Perfect Simple Level: elementary
The present perfect simple expresses an action that is still going on or that stopped recently, but has an influence on the present. It puts emphasis on the result.
Form of Present Perfect
Positive
Negative
Question
I / you / we / they
I have spoken.
I have not spoken.
Have I spoken?
he / she / it
He has spoken.
He has not spoken.
Has he spoken?
For irregular verbs, use the participle form. For regular verbs, just add “ed”.
Exceptions in Spelling when Adding ‘ed’
Exceptions in spelling when adding ed
Example
after a final e only add d
love – loved
final consonant after a short, stressed vowelor l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled
admit – admittedtravel – travelled
final y after a consonant becomes i
hurry – hurried
Use of Present Perfect
§ puts emphasis on the result
Example: She has written five letters.
§ action that is still going on
Example: School has not started yet.
§ action that stopped recently
Example: She has cooked dinner.
§ finished action that has an influence on the present
Example: I have lost my key.
§ action that has taken place once, never or several times before the moment of speaking
Example: I have never been to Australia.
Signal Words of Present Perfect
§ already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now
Present Perfect Progressive Level: elementary
The present perfect progressive expresses an action that recently stopped or is still going on. It puts emphasis on the duration or course of the action.
Form of Present Perfect Progressive
I have been speaking.
I have not been speaking.
Have I been speaking?
He has been speaking.
He has not been speaking.
Has he been speaking?
Exceptions in Spelling
Exceptions in spelling when adding ing
final e is dropped(but: ee is not changed)
come – coming(but: agree – agreeing)
after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled
sit – sitting
l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled (in British English)
travel – travelling
final ie becomes y
lie – lying
Use of Present Perfect Progressive
§ puts emphasis on the duration or course of an action (not the result)
Example: She has been writing for two hours.
§ action that recently stopped or is still going on
Example: I have been living here since 2001.
§ finished action that influenced the present
Example: I have been working all afternoon.
Signal Words of Present Perfect Progressive
§ all day, for 4 years, since 1993, how long?, the whole week
Present Perfect Simple – Present Perfect Progressive
Form
Present Perfect Simple
Present Perfect Progressive
irregular verbs: form of 'have' + 3rd column of irregular verbs
Example:
I / you / we / they have spoken
he / she / it has spoken
regular verbs: form of 'have' + infinitive + ed
I / you / we / they have worked
he / she / it has worked
form of 'have' + been + verb + ing
I / you / we / they have been speaking
he / she / it has been speaking
Exceptions
Exceptions when adding 'ed' :...
Ashca