Commodore_64_ An_Introduction_to_Basic_Part_1.pdf

AN INTRODUCTION

TO BASIC- PART1

THE COMPREHENSIVE TEACH YOURSELF

PROGRAMMING SERIES

t commodore

COMPUTER

CONTENTS

Related Cassette

Programs

Subject

Tracing: Tracking down errors.

UNIT8PROG

Programmed Co/our; Normal and quote

UNIT9QUIZ

Unit9

screen modes; Screen representation of

conlrol characters; Useofposition andcolour

conlrol characters in progroms; The internal

clockTl$.

InputofData:The INPUT command;

UNIT10QUIZ

Relationships between programmerand user.

Flow-charts: Conditional commands in

UNIT11PROG

programs; Data validation; Flow-charts;

Glossaries; Program design.

AdvancedLoop Control:The FOR

UNIT12QUIZ

and NEXTcommands; Program structure.

Sounds: The 64voices; Control ofpitch,

SOUND DEMO, PIANO

103

volume and duration.

Unit 14

Data Reduction Programs: Terminating a

HEADS

stream ofdata; Program robustness.

ComputerGames: Reaction lime; theGET

REACTION

command; the internal limerTl; the RND

function; Structuringgames ofchance.

Afterword

AppendixA Mathematical aspects of 64: Expressions

Precision ofworking

Standard functions

Appendix B Answersto selected problems

Appendix C Common errors

you. (Yes—thereisacomputerinside.)Thelevel I

WelcometotheCOMMODORE 64

activities,industrialormedical applications,or

even games to amuseyou..

To havethis poweroveryourcomputer, to

make itintoafast,accurateobedientandwilling

slave,you mustbeabletoprogramthe machine.

Programming is the key to becoming a pilot.

Thiscourseisallaboutprogramming. It

alsoacompletemoderncomputerin itsown right.

Computersareextraordinarilyversatile; more

so,infact,thananythingexceptahuman.The64,

forinstance,canbeswitchedtobeateaching

machine,acalculator,anaidtothehandicapped,

□machineforfinancial recordsandstockcontrol,

amonitorfora patientin an intensivecareunit,a

computerused byengineerstodesign building-.,

powerstations andaircraft.

Computersandthesystemstheycontrol are

simpletotransfertoanyothercomputer,largeor

small.

The more programmingyou do,theeasier it

you. You do not need to know muchabou!

mathematics,butyouwillfind itusefulto havea

quietplacetoread,thinkandusethe64,anditis

thescenes.Thistrendwillcontinueformostofour

lifetimes.Theworld ispassingthrough a

computerrevolution,whichwillbeasprofound in

itseffectsasthe Industrial Revolutionwas in its

own time.

TheComputerRevolutioncan'tbestopped;

butall ofuscan, ifwelike,havesome influence

on theway itgoes. Theworld is becoming

divided intotwosortsofpeople—the

course. Don't rush!

Thecourseissplitintofifteen'units'.Eachunit

willtakeyouoneortwosolidevenings'work,on

average.Mostoftheunits includesomereading,

some practical workon the64, some

programming, and a 'self-test' questionnaire to

Everyunitcontainssome'experiments'whichyou

shouldtickoffasyoudothem.

When the units ask you questions,they

generallygive you spacesto writeyour answers.

Usethem. Write witha soft pencil, and have a

based products, orthey may hate computers, or

both. Tneyoften maketheirviewsknown, but

withoutany real effect—theycan'treachthe

controls,andwouldn'tknowhowtousethem if

they could.

rubbed out ifyou passthe64course on to

someoneelse. Ifyourcopyofthecoursealready

hastheanswerswritten in,gothrough itand

erase them before you start studying.

Programming isatight-knitsubjectinwhich

ideas depend closelyon each other. Topicsyou

learn aboutinearlierunitsarementioned and

used inthe lateroneswithoutanyfurther

explanation. Forexample,youwon'tbeableto

makeheadortailofunit10unlessyouhaveread

and understood allofunits 1 to9.Thismakes it

importantthatyoufollowtheunits in theorder

they are given.

ofthewhole revolution.They invent newtypesof

computers,andthinkuporiginalandusefulways

ofusing them.Thepilotshavea heavy

responsibility,since itrests onthem tosteerthe

worldtowardspeace,freedomand plenty,and

□wayfromthe nightmaresocietyoften depicted

in Science Fiction.

Whatsetsapartapilotfroma passenger?

Onlyone thing: understandingthewaya

computerworks. Ofcoursetherearedifferent

levelsofunderstanding.Mostpeopleunderstand

howto usea "Space Invaders" machineeven

though they couldn'texplainthe mechanismto

Whenyoustartworkona newunit, beginby

readingquicklyrightthrough itfrom beginningto

end.Youwon'tgetmuchofthedetail,butyouwill

formanideaofthekindoftopicsyouaregoingto

study.

Next,workthroughthe unit in detail. Every

partmatters,andthepartswhichseemthe

hardestmatterthemost. Don'tskipanything,but

frytounderstand everypoint.Whenyoufeel

you'velearnedsomething,repeatittoyourselfin

yourownwords. Don'tbeupset ifyoufindyou

orevengobacktoanearlierunittoclearup

someawkward point.This isquiteusualwith a

technical subject.

Programming is likeplaying a musical

instrument: you can only learn it by practice.You

mustthereforecompleteall theprogramming

problems in the course. As soon as you can, start

making upandsolving problems ofyourown.

WTienyou completethecourse,you'll be

abletousethe 64 for manydifferentpurposes.

Forinstance,you can have itadministertests or

quizzes,youcan make itplaygameswhichyou

inventyourself,andyoumayfind ituseful for

sumsandaccounts.Thegamesorotherapplica

tions can include coloured picturestoyourown

design,andsoundstoemphasiseyourmeaning—

beautiful tunes or rude noises!

Programming is,however,averylargesub

ject,ananoonecould do itfull justicein a single

course.Afterawhileyouwill probablywantto

takeyourprogrammingfurther.You may,for

instance, beinterested in solving morecompli

catedproblems,orinusingthe64asa con

trollerfora model railwayorprivatetelephone

exchange.Thesecondvolumein thisseries,

entitledAn IntroductiontoBasic:-Part2will

heipyouachievethesecomplexand

sophisticatedaims.

Well—enoughtalk. Itistimeyoustarted on

Unit 1. Good luck!

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