16 A Concise Bulgarian Grammar.pdf

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1
A Concise Bulgarian
Grammar
John Leafgren
 
1
A Concise Bulgarian
Grammar
John Leafgren
2
Table of Contents
Introduction
4
Chapter 1. Bulgarian Sounds and Orthography
6
Alphabet
6
Vowels7
Consonants 8
Palatalization 9
Affricates
9
Voicing
9
Chapter 2. Major Morphophonemic Alternations
11
The Е ~’А Alternation
11
The Vowel ~ Zero Alternation
12
The К ~ ! Ч, Г ~ ! Ж and Х ~ ! Ш Alternations
13
The К ~ ! Ц, Г ~ ! З and Х ~ ! С Alternations
15
The ЪР ~ ! РЪ and ЪЛ ~ ! ЛЪ Alternations
17
Stress Alternation
18
Chapter 3. Nouns
21
Gender 21
Humans 21
Animals 22
Other Nouns 22
Singular Formation 23
Masculine Nouns
23
Feminine Nouns
24
Neuter Nouns
25
Plural Formation 26
Masculine Nouns
26
Feminine Nouns
28
Neuter Nouns
29
Numerical Form 31
Pluralia Tantum and Singularia Tantum
31
Nouns and the Definite Article 32
Masculine Singular Nouns and the Definite Article
32
Feminine Singular Nouns and the Definite Article
34
Neuter Singular Nouns and the Definite Article
34
Plural Nouns and the Definite Article
35
Use of Definite Forms
36
The Vocative 36
Feminine Nouns
36
3
Masculine Nouns
37
Remnants of other Cases
38
Chapter 4. Adjectives and Adverbs
39
Adjectives 39
Masculine Singular Adjectives 39
Feminine Singular Adjectives 39
Neuter Singular Adjectives 39
Plural Adjectives 40
Soft Adjective Forms 40
Summary of Adjective Declension 40
Comparative and Superlative Forms 41
Adverbs 42
Comparative and Superlative Forms 43
Chapter 5. Numbers
44
Cardinal Numbers
44
Fractions
46
Ordinal Numbers
47
Chapter 6. Pronouns
49
Personal Pronouns 49
Nominative Personal Pronouns
49
Accusative Personal Pronouns
50
Dative Personal Pronouns
52
Possessive Pronouns
53
Demonstrative Pronouns
54
Interrogative Pronouns
55
Negative Pronouns
57
Indefinite Pronouns
57
Relative Pronouns
59
Reciprocal Pronouns
60
Generalizing Pronouns
61
Chapter 7. Verbal Adverbs and Participles
63
Verbal Adverbs 63
Participles 65
Present Active Participle
66
Past Passive Participle
67
L-Participle
69
Adverbial Use of Participles
69
Chapter 8. Syntax
71
Word Order of Major Sentence Elements
71
Linear Ordering of Clitics
73
Presentative and Existential Constructions
76
4
Omission of Subjects and Objects
77
References
79
Other Data Sources
81

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