Art of Programming Contest_ C Programming, Data Structures, Algorithms (2nd ed.) [Arefin 2006].pdf

A RT OF P ROGRAMMING C ONTEST

C Programming Tutorials | Data Structures | Algorithms

Compiled by

Ahmed Shamsul Arefin

Graduate Student,

Institute of Information and Comunicaion Technology

Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET)

BSc. in Computer Science and Engineering, CUET

Reviewed By

Steven Halim

School of Computing, National University of Singapore

Singapore.

Dr. M. Lutfar Rahman

Professor, Departent of Computer Science and Engineering

University of Dhaka.

Foreworded By

Professor Miguel A. Revilla

ACM-ICPC International Steering Committee Member and Problem Archivist

University of Valladolid,

Spain.

http://acmicpc-live-archive.uva.es

http://online-judge.uva.es

Gyankosh Prokashoni, Bangladesh

ISBN 984-32-3382-4

D EDICATED TO

Shahriar Manzoor

Judge ACM/ICPC World Finals 2003-2006

(Whose mails, posts and problems are invaluable to all programmers)

And

My loving parents and colleagues

A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank following people for supporting me and helping me for the significant

improvement of my humble works. Infact, this list is still incomplete.

Professor Miguel A. Revilla

University of Valladolid, Spain.

Dr. M Kaykobad

North South University, Bangladesh

Shahjalal University of Science and

Technology, Bangladesh

Dr. M. Zafar Iqbal

Dr. M. Lutfar Rahman

University of Dhaka, Bangladesh

Daffodil International University

Dr. Abu Taher

Howard Cheng

University of Lethbridge, Canada

Steven Halim

National University of Singapore,

Singapore

Shahriar Manzoor

South East University, Bangladesh

Carlos Marcelino Casas Cuadrado

University of Valladolid, Spain

Arizona State University, USA

Mahbub Murshed Suman

Salahuddin Mohammad Masum

Daffodil International University

Samiran Mahmud

Dhaka University of Engineering and

Technology

M H Rasel

Chittagong University of Engineering and

Technology

National University of Singapore,

Singapore

Sadiq M. Alam

Mehedi Bakht

Bangladesh University of Engineering and

Technology

Ahsan Raja Chowdhury

University of Dhaka

Mohammad Rubaiyat Ferdous Jewel

University of Toronto, Canada

KM Hasan

North South University

Monirul Islam Sharif

Georgia Institute of Technology,USA

Chittagong University of Engineering and

Technology

Gahangir Hossain

S.M Saif Shams

Shahjalal University of Science and

Technology

Shah Md. Shamsul Alam

Daffodil International University

Author’s Biography: Ahmed Shamsul Arefin is completing his Masters from

Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET) and has completed

BSc. in Coputer Science and Eningeering from CUET . In Computer Science and

Engineering . He participated in the 2001 ACM Regional Contest in Dhaka, and his

team was ranked 10th. He became contest organizer at Valladolid online judge by

arranging “Rockford Programming Contest 2001” and local Contest at several

universities. His Programming Contest Training Website “ACMSolver.org” has

been linked with ACM UVa , USU and Polish Online Judge – Sphere.

His research interests are Contests, Algorithms, Graph Theory and Web-based applications . His

Contact E-mail : asarefin@yahoo.com Web: http://www.daffodilvarsity.edu.bd/acmsolver/asarefin/

Preface to 2 nd Edition

I am happy to be able to introduce the 2nd Edition of this book to the readers. The objective

of this edition is not only to assist the contestants during the contest hours but also describing

the core subjects of Computer Science such as C Programming , Data Structures and

Algorithms . This edition is an improvement to the previous edition. Few more programming

techniques like STL (Standard Template Library ), manipulating strings and handling

mathematical functions are introduced here.

It is hoped that the new edition will be welcomed by all those for whom it is meant and this

will become an essential book for Computer Science students .

Preface to 1 st Edition

Why do programmers love Programming Contest? Because young computer programmers

like to battle for fame, money, and they love algorithms. The first ACM-ICPC (International

Collegiate Programming Contest) Asia Regional Contest Bangladesh was held at North South

University in the year 1997. Except the year 2000, our country hosted this contest each year

and our invaluable programmers have participated the world final every year from 1997.

Our performance in ACM/ICPC is boosting up day by day. The attention and time we are

spending on solving moderate and difficult problems is noticeable. BUET, University of

Dhaka, NSU and AIUB has produced many programmers who fought for World Finals.

Institutions looking for boosting the performance of their teams in the programming contests

may consider them as prospective coaches/trainers. Some universities have recently adopted

another strategy. They are offering 1-credit courses for students interested in improving their

problem-solving and programming skills.

I am very much grateful to our mentors, Dr. M Kaykobad who was honored with the “Best

Coach” award in the World Finals in Honolulu. Under his dynamic presence our country

teams became champion several times in the ACM/ICPC Asia Regional. Dr. M. Zafar Iqbal ,

Chief Judge of our ACM/ICPC Regional Contests. Dr. Abul L Haque , who first contacted

Dr. C.J. Hwang (Asia Contests Director and Professor at Texas State University, San

Marcos, USA) and wanted to have a n ACM/ICPC regional site at Dhaka back in 1997. Also

a big thank should go to Mr. Shahriar Manzoor , our renown Problem Setter, Judging

Director for ACM/ICPC Regional (Dhaka Site) and World Final Judge and Problem Setter. I

would like to thank him personally because, he showed me the right way several times when I

was setting problems for Valladolid Online Judge in “Rockford Programming Contest 2001”

and while developing my Programming Contest Training Site “ACMSolver.org”.

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