Maciejewski- Baltic Sea Region.pdf

T he B alTic S ea R egion

Cultures, Politics, Societies

Editor Witold Maciejewski

A Baltic University Publication

T he B alTic

S ea R egion

C ultures , P olitiCs ,

s oCieties

Editor Witold Maciejewski

The Baltic Sea Region

C ultures , P olitiCs , s oCieties

Editor

Witold Maciejewski

Dept of Scandinavian and Baltic Studies, Adam Mickiewicz University

al. Niepodleg∏oÊci 4, 61-874 Poznaƒ, Poland

witmacie@amu.edu.pl

Editorial Assistant

Dominika Skrzypek

Dept of Scandinavian and Baltic Studies, Adam Mickiewicz University

al. Niepodleg∏oÊci 4, 61-874 Poznaƒ, Poland

dosk@amu.edu.pl

Project Leader

Lars Rydén

The Baltic University Programme, Uppsala University

Box 256, SE-751 05 Uppsala, Sweden

lars.ryden@balticuniv.uu.se

Proof reading: Douglas Harrison, Aberfoyle, Scotland

Drawings: Ma∏gorzata Sheiki-Biƒkowska or as indicated

Maps: Rados∏aw Przebitkowski or as indicated

Layout and design: Ad Rem, Waldemar Pluta, Poznaƒ

Financer: The Swedish Institute, Sweden

Project coordination: The Baltic University Programme, Uppsala University

Production: Ad Rem, Poznaƒ

First edition: August 2002

ISBN 91-973579-8-7

CONTENTS

Acknowledgements

Abbreviations

Introduction – how to study a region

Part A: The Cultural Landscape:

History, Culture and Languages

Section I: HISTORY

Section II: CULTURE

Section III: LANGUAGE AND MULTILINGUAL SOCIETIES

227

Part B: The Political Landscape:

Democracy, Multi-ethnicity and International Relations

277

Section IV: DEMOCRACY

279

Section V: MAJORITY AND MINORITY CULTURES

Section VI: PEACE AND SECURITY

Part C: The Social Landscape:

Social Conditions and Economic Development

485

Section VII: SOCIAL CONDITIONS

487

Section VIII: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

585

The Authors

665

Index

667

The Atlas of the BSR

I-VII

T he B alTic S ea R egion

Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Witold Maciejewski

The Baltic Sea Region – Culture, Societies, Politics is the first textbook on a European macroregion, as seen from

the perspective of humanities. The authors give a holistic, cross-disciplinary view on the countries around the

Baltic, their common history, cultural and social development, politics and economy.

The textbook conveys a general understanding of the societies in the region, emerging democracies, and

forming new relations between new and old states. It constitutes the main reading for a university course

offered by the Baltic University Programme, coordinated at Uppsala University.

The point of departure for this book was the revision of the series of booklets Peoples of the Baltic pro-

duced in the early 990s. However, intensive and close discussions on the changing Baltic world provoked

new questions concerning the new deal in our part of Europe and resulted in the new book. Fifty-five authors,

active within the BUP-network, have contributed with articles and essays on subjects considered relevant

for studies on the region.

The editor takes this opportunity to thank all the co-editors and authors, and especially Lars Rydén

(Uppsala). His encouragement and competent suggestions have influenced both the contents and the final

form of this book.

The editorial work has been done at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznaƒ. The assistant editor,

Dominika Skrzypek, has gone through all the texts asking questions from the point of view of a student and

demanding changes in order to make the book adequate for students. Vice-rector of this university prof.

Bronis∏aw Marciniak, as well as prof. Eugeniusz Rajnik, the head of the Department of Scandinavian and

Baltic Studies, have offered substantial help supporting two international conferences organized in Poznaƒ in

years 998 and 200 for BUP researchers and teachers. Douglas Harrison has proofread the manuscript with

excellency not being afraid of scrutinizing some of the theses on social development. Konstantin Balandin

and Galina Parfenova (both from Minsk) have contributed with relevant statistical data on education and

minorities in Belarusan language. Magnus Lehman and Fredrik Degerbeck (Uppsala) have provided much

technical assistance. Ms Mariola Abkowicz has rendered the manuscript in Karaim language accessible for

Henryk Jankowski (see his study on page 274).

On behalf of Klaus Meyer and Camilla Jensen (chapter 48) I would like to thank their colleagues at

Copenhagen Business School, especially Lars Ohnemus, for helpful comments. The Spectre case has been

written on the basis of a class project by cand.merc. students Anne Hjort, Anne Dorthe Beck-Nielsen,

Caroline Axen, Cecilie Vinther and Vicki Rasmussen (IB 42 ‘International Business in Emerging Markets’,

Copenhagen Business School, Spring 200, class teacher Klaus Meyer). CEO Evald Klausen approved the

case for publication. The SCHOUW case is based on an interview with the Polish CEO Edward Zakrzewski

in 997. Market Manager Henrik Jensen from SCHOUW Packing A/S approved this case for publication.

I gratefully acknowledge the invaluable work, done by my colleagues at 25 Baltic universities, collectively

creating the manifold panorama of the region we live in.

T he B alTic S ea R egion

Acknowledgements

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