Ceramic Materials - Science and Engineering_.pdf - Ceramika - joshamee

Ceramic Materials

Science and Engineering

C. Barry Carter

M. Grant Norton

C. Barry Carter

M. Grant Norton

Department of Chemical Engineering

School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering

and Materials Science

Washington State University

University of Minnesota

Pullman, WA 99164-2920

Minneapolis, MN 55455-0132

Details for Figures and Tables are listed following the index

Library of Congress Control Number: 2006938045

ISBN-10: 0-387-46270-8

e-ISBN-10: 0-387-46271-6

ISBN-13: 978-0-387-46270-7

e-ISBN-13: 978-0-387-46271-4

Printed on acid-free paper.

sion of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013,

USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any

form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar

methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden.

The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not

identiﬁ ed as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to pro-

prietary rights.

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This text is dedicated to our wives

Bryony Carter and Christine Wall

Words cannot explain, describe, or say enough

Thanks to you both

Preface

In today’s materials science curriculum, there is often only time for one course on

ceramic materials. Students will usually take courses on mechanical properties,

thermodynamics and kinetics, and the structure of materials. Many will also have

taken an introductory overview of materials science. In each of these courses, the

students will have encountered ceramic materials. The present text assumes back-

ground knowledge at this introductory level but still provides a review of such critical

topics as bonding, crystal structures, and lattice defects.

The text has been divided into seven parts and 37 chapters: we will explain the

thinking behind these decisions. Part I examines the history and development of

ceramic materials: how they have literally shaped civilization. We include this

material in our introductory lectures and then make the two chapters assigned

reading. Part II discusses the bonding, structure, and the relationship among

phases. Students often ﬁnd this part of the course to be the most difﬁcult

because structures are implicitly 3-dimensional. However, so many properties depend

on the structure whether crystalline or amorphous. We have limited the number

of structures to what we think the students can manage in one course, we give

references to texts that the students can spend a lifetime studying and recommend

our favorite software package. Part III consists of two chapters on our tools of

the trade. Most ceramics are heated at some stage during processing. Unfortunately

heat treatments are rarely exactly what we would like them to be; the heating rate

is too slow, the furnace contaminates the sample, the environment is not what

we want (or think it is), etc. Techniques for characterizing materials ﬁll books

and the students are familiar with many already from their studies on metals. So,

the purpose of this chapter is, in part, to encourage the student to ﬁnd out more

about techniques that they might not have heard of or might not have thought of

applying to ceramics; you could certainly skip Part III and make it assigned reading

especially if the students are taking overlapping courses. Part IV discusses defects

in ceramics and aims at providing a comprehensive overview while again not being

a dedicated book on the subject. Part IV leads straight into Part V—a basic discus-

sion of mechanical properties applied speciﬁcally to ceramics. The last two parts

contain just over half the chapters. The two topics are Processing (Part VI) and

Properties (Part VII) and are, of course, the reason we study ceramic materials. The

warning is—these topics form the second half of the book because the student should

understand the materials ﬁrst, but it then becomes too easy to miss them in a one-

semester course due to lack of time. We know, we have done this and the students

miss the part that they would often appreciate most. Chapter 36 is probably the most

fun for half the students and both the authors; Chapter 37 is the most important for

all of us.

Many modern ceramists will acknowledge their debt to the late David Kingery.

His pioneering 1960 text was one of the ﬁrst to regard ceramics as a serious scientiﬁc

subject. Both his book and his research papers have been referenced throughout the

present text. Our deﬁnition of a ceramic material follows directly from Kingery’s

deﬁnition: a nonmetallic, inorganic solid. Nonmetallic refers to the bonding: in

ceramics, it is predominantly covalent and/or ionic. Ceramics are always inorganic

solids although they also may be major or minor components of composite materials.

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vii

PREFACE

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