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The
THE
German
GERMAN
Language
LANGUAGE
A Linguistic Introduction
Jean Boase-Beier and Ken Lodge
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THE GERMAN LANGUAGE
CONSONANTS (PULMONIC)
Bilabial
Labiodental
Dental
Alveolar
Postalveolar Retroflex
Palatal
Velar
Uvular
Pharyngeal
Glottal
p
b
t
d
cJ k g qG
¯˜N
?
t
Î
Plosive
m
Â
n
r
Q
≤
Nasal
B
R
Trill
Œ
Tap or Flap
SZ ßΩCÔ
F
β
f
v
TD
s
z
xƒ
X‰ Ó ¿ h˙
Fricative
Lateral
fricative
Approximant
Lateral
approximant
¬
…
V
®
l
„
Ò
j
¥L
M
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC)
VOWELS
Clicks
\ Bilabial
| Dental
! (Post)alveolar
» Palatoalveolar
« Alveolar lateral
Voiced implosives
∫ Bilabial
∂ Dental/alveolar
S Palatal
© Velar
ç Uvular
Ejectives
’ Examples:
p’ Bilabial
t’ Dental/alveolar
k’ Velar
s’ Alveolar fricative
Front
Central
Back
u
i
y
ˆ
¨
µ
Close
IY
U
e
Ø
e
ø
Ï
o
Close-mid
@
E
“
´
„
√
O
Open-mid
{
å
a
”
A
Å
Open
OTHER SYMBOLS
∑ Voiceless labial-velar fricative
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one
to the right represents a rounded vowel.
Ç
Alveolo-palatal fricatives
Û
w Voiced labial-velar approximant
W
Alveolar lateral flap
Á Voiced labial-palatal approximant
Í
Simultaneous S and x
H Voiceless epiglottal fricative
˘ Voiced epiglottal fricative
≥ Epiglottal plosive
SUPRASEGMENTALS
@
‡
ts
Affricates and double articula-
tions can be represented by two
symbols joined by a tie bar if
necessary.
'
Primary stress
"
Secondary stress
æfoUn@'tIS@n
e:
e:
e
: Long
: Half-long
% Extra-short
| Minor (foot) group
« Major (intonation) group
. Syllable break
‡ Linking (absence of a break)
Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. ˜
9 Dental
˚
DIACRITICS
8 Voiceless
8nd
3 Breathy voiced 3ba
` Creaky voiced `ba
Linguolabial t d
w Labialized t w d w
j Palatalized t j d j
ƒ Velarized t ƒ d ƒ
¿ Pharyngealized t ¿ d ¿
` Velarized or pharyngealized Ú
> Raised
9td
6 Voiced
s
Q
ª Apical
ªtd
t h
d h
h Aspirated
0 Laminal
0td
®i.{kt
e
~ Nasalized
) More rounded
O
( Less rounded
O
d n
n
Nasal release
u
4 Retracted e
# Centralized e
Mid-centralized e
æ Syllabic
TONES AND WORD ACCENTS
LEVEL
l
d l
±
Advanced
Lateral release
CONTOUR
d
No audible release
Extra
high
High
Mid
Low
Extra
low
e
é
e
è
e
-
_
⁄
¤
‹
›
fi
e
ê
e
e
e
—
–
or
Rising
Falling
High rising
Low rising
Rising-falling
≈
≈
e
®
(
=
v oiced alveolar fricative)
N
< Lowered
e
ı
(
=
voiced bilabial approximant)
7 Non-syllabic
e
‚ Advanced Tongue Root
e
Downstep
Upstep
Global rise
Global fall
Æ Rhoticity
@Æ aÆ
· Retracted Tongue Root
e
THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 1993, corrected 1996)
Source : Reprinted by permission of the International Phonetic Association
(http://www2.arts.gla.ac.uk /I P A/ ipa.html ) .
The IPA can be contacted through the Secretary, John Esling (esling@uvic.ca ) .
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The
THE
German
GERMAN
Language
LANGUAGE
A Linguistic Introduction
Jean Boase-Beier and Ken Lodge
967186103.026.png 967186103.027.png 967186103.028.png 967186103.029.png 967186103.030.png 967186103.031.png 967186103.032.png

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